Civil Ganeshwar

  In this article, we will see more details about Principles of  Plane Table surveying .  Let's see, What is Plane Table Surveying and what are its principles? Principles of Plane Table Surveying are based on direct plotting of the field observations on a drawing sheet fixed on a plane table.  The key principles are: 1. Parallelism:    The edge of the alidade (or the line of sight) must be kept parallel to the line drawn on the paper while sighting an object. This ensures accurate orientation. 2. Centering:    The point on the paper representing a ground station (like station A) should be exactly over the actual position of that station on the ground. This is done using a plumbing fork or plumb bob. 3. Orientation:    The table must be oriented (i.e., rotated) such that the lines on the paper are parallel to the corresponding lines on the ground. This can be done by:  Backsighting (most accurate)  Using compass (less accurate) ...

In this article, we will see about Levelling in Surveying.  We will see what is it, it's type, it's objective, and more.  So, let's see, What is Levelling? In surveying, leveling is the process of determining the elevation of a point or points relative to a known reference point.  This is typically done using an instrument called a level, which measures the height difference between the instrument and the target point.  Levelling is essential for creating accurate topographic maps and ensuring precise construction or engineering projects. Types of Levelling Differential Leveling:  This is the most common type, involving the measurement of the height difference between two points.  It's often used for establishing benchmarks and determining elevations for construction projects. Profile Leveling:  Used to determine the elevation profile along a predetermined line, such as a road or pipeline.  It helps in designing features with a consistent slope. F...