Civil Ganeshwar

There are two types of the vertical curve, we use in surveying calculation. Valley curve Summit curve Now, let's see Definition of the curve. What is the Summit curve?  The summit curve is one type of the vertical curve. It is provided on the highway or railway when it crossed ridge or valley. Generally, we determine this curve by parabolic equation. Summit Curve need to satisfy the basic Condition. The condition is as follow There must be constant rate of change of grade. Parabola fulfill this and so shape of summit curve is mainly parabolic type. As we see that there is two types of vertical curve, in that the curve that is convexity of upward that is known as the summit curve. There is some type of this curve that is shown in fig. Types of summit curve (source:nptel) For zoom: CLICK on the image A vertical summit curve is provided when the rising grade join the falling grade.

Definition of Transition Curve can be given as following. The Transition Curve is a Horizontal Curve of Varying Radius which we can use to connect Straight line to Circular curve. The radius of curve is varying from infinite to certain fix value. Generally, we provide transition curve at both ends of the circular curve.  Sometimes we also provide it at the end of compound curve.  This is useful for Transportation engineer, Highway Engineering and in Surveying. Click to Zoom Why transition curve needed? Without such a curve there is a risk of overturning of train or truck. This vehicle can slip and there is risk of accidents on road.  Transition curve provide gradual increase of curvature which help a driver to accelerate vehicle. It also permits vehicle to drive at higher speed in curve. What is requirement for curve to be a transition curve? There is some conditions that need to be satisfied. The basic requirements is as following. It's radius m

Sometimes it becomes very difficult to measure all bearing and measurements due to field condition like a river or some other obstacles and for this some reading may be omitted. Since there is calculation become hard, it is very important to know the theory of omitted measurements in the surveying . Law of closed traverse for finding unknown measurement In the closed Traverse, there is latitude and departure of each part. This is very important in surveying and traversing . From the rule of closed traverse we can easily find omitted measurements

What is theodolite? The theodolite is one of the most useful instrument used for accurate and precise reading. It is also known as the universal instrument because of its use. It is used in traversing . There is various types of measurement that can be done by theodolite. Traversing also can be done by using theodolite and this is known as theodolite traversing.