Civil Ganeshwar

  In this article, we will see more details about Principles of  Plane Table surveying .  Let's see, What is Plane Table Surveying and what are its principles? Principles of Plane Table Surveying are based on direct plotting of the field observations on a drawing sheet fixed on a plane table.  The key principles are: 1. Parallelism:    The edge of the alidade (or the line of sight) must be kept parallel to the line drawn on the paper while sighting an object. This ensures accurate orientation. 2. Centering:    The point on the paper representing a ground station (like station A) should be exactly over the actual position of that station on the ground. This is done using a plumbing fork or plumb bob. 3. Orientation:    The table must be oriented (i.e., rotated) such that the lines on the paper are parallel to the corresponding lines on the ground. This can be done by:  Backsighting (most accurate)  Using compass (less accurate) ...

In this article, we will see about Levelling in Surveying.  We will see what is it, it's type, it's objective, and more.  So, let's see, What is Levelling? In surveying, leveling is the process of determining the elevation of a point or points relative to a known reference point.  This is typically done using an instrument called a level, which measures the height difference between the instrument and the target point.  Levelling is essential for creating accurate topographic maps and ensuring precise construction or engineering projects. Types of Levelling Differential Leveling:  This is the most common type, involving the measurement of the height difference between two points.  It's often used for establishing benchmarks and determining elevations for construction projects. Profile Leveling:  Used to determine the elevation profile along a predetermined line, such as a road or pipeline.  It helps in designing features with a consistent slope. F...

In this article, we will see about Geodetic Surveying, what is it, its features, its types, it's examples, instruments used in it, and more.  So, let's see, What is Geodetic Surveying? Geodetic surveying is the process of measuring and mapping the earth's surface and its features.  This technique uses precise measurement techniques and equipment, such as GPS (Global Positioning System), to determine the exact position, location, and elevation of points on the earth's surface. It plays a crucial role in a wide range of applications, including construction, land development, mining, agriculture, and environmental management. In construction, we use it to accurately determine the location and elevation of structures, roads, and other infrastructure.  In land development, we use geodetic surveying to create maps and plans for new subdivisions and building sites. In mining and agriculture, we use it to determine the boundaries and locations of mining claims and land parcels,...

In this article, we will see about what is curve in surveying, its types, purposes, its elements, advantages and more. What is curves in surveying? Curves surveying is the process of measuring and mapping the curvature of roads, rivers, and other natural features on a piece of land.  This involves the use of mathematical calculations and specialized tools, such as total stations, theodolites, and GPS equipment, to accurately measure angles, distances, and elevations.  The data collected is then used to create detailed maps and plans of the area being surveyed. Types of curves There are two types of Curves. 1. Horizontal Curve 2. Vertical curve Surveyors use horizontal and vertical curves to calculate the radius and slope of a feature.  Horizontal curves are used to calculate the radius of a curve and the central angle. While vertical curves are used to calculate the grade or slope of a road or other feature.  This information is used to ensure that the design of the ...

In this article, we will see about What error is, what are its types, how can we minimize it, and some examples. What are the Errors? Errors means difference of measured value of quantity and of actual value of quantity. For example, Suppose, we have a line AB in the field. Its actual value is 20m, means point A is 20m far away from point B. Now, we try to measure line AB. And due to some reasons, we measure it as 19m. So, here is Error of 1m in absolute terms. Other Example: Suppose we have a Angle ABC, which is angle between line AB and line BC, at point B.  Suppose  value of Angle ABC at point B is 30°. Then, we measure Angle ABC at point B, as 29°. So, absolute error is |29° - 30°| = 1°. Suppose instead of measuring 29°, if we would have measured it as 32°, then it would be of |32° - 30°| = 2°. Another Example, Suppose a Person measure the height of a Tower. To measure it, he use some Instruments, and take readings. He is far away from tower, and to calculate its height, ...

In this article, we will see about Latitude and Departure in Surveying, what are they, how we can derive formula for it, Sign Convention, and Some Examples. So, Let's see, What are the Latitude and Departure? It can be defined as: Latitude of a Line is a Projection of a given Line on N-S Line.   Departure of a Line is a Projection of a given line on E-W Line.   What does it means? In simple words, Suppose we have a Line AB.  Now this line can be anywhere. But for projection, it's one endpoint should be on Origin.  So, let's take point A to Origin O on North-East-South-West plane, such as line remains as it is, but one point A will be on Origin.  Or Alternatively, we can also make N-S-W-E plane, and can make origin at a point there without taking line away. So, let's see, As you can see, line AB, which point A at origin. Right Side of Point A is East Direction, left side West Direction, Up side North Direction, and down side South Direction. So, when we project...