Civil Ganeshwar

In this article, We will See some of the Important Formulas of Surveying for quick revision and overview of the Subject. Here's What will We See: Direct Vernier Formula Least Count Formula Retrograde Formula Error Formula Correction Formula Relationship between Error and Correction Formula Correction for Slope Formula Correction for Temperature Formula Correction for Pull Formula Relationship between Fore Bearing and Back Bearing Formula Latitude Formula   Departure Formula Relative Error of Closure Formula Trigonometric Levelling Basic Formula Most Probable Error Formula Tacheometry Stadia Method Formula Direct Vernier Formula where,  s = length of one division on the main scale n = numbers of divisions on the Vernier scale v = length of one division on the Vernier  Least Count Formula where,  s and n are similar as seen above. We can calculate the Least Count of both Direct Vernier and Retrograde Vernier using the above formula. Retrograde Vernier Formula where,...

Surveying is a field in Civil Engineering in which we by help of various Instruments like Theodolite, Tacheometer, perform required measurements, do levelling, centering etc. To know more about it, In this article, we will see 150+ topics and sub-topics of Surveying which can helps Civil Engineers for projects, seminar, and research papers. So, if you wonders about where can I find all topics related to Surveying, you are at right place. Let's see, Plane Table Surveying Geodetic Surveying Topographical Survey Engineering Survey Cadastral Survey Hydrographic Survey Astronomic Survey Geological Survey Chain Surveying Compass Surveying Levelling Theodolite Surveys Tacheometric Surveys Photogrammetric Surveys EDM Surveys Principles of Surveying Direct Vernier Retrograde Vernier Mistakes & Errors Linear Measurements Tapes Surveying Chain Pegs Arrow Cross Staff Optical Square Prism Square Simple Clinometer Direct Ranging Indirect Ranging Random Line Method Error in Chaining Tape Cor...

As Railway Engineering is an essential field, there is need to know its sub-topics for Civil engineers. And for it, we will see 75 Railway Engineering Topics which can be helpful for Research, Seminar, Thesis, Projects etc in Civil Engineering. This includes  the topics about various parts of Railways, its Station, Track, Track Junction, and about Design of Track. Let's see, Requirement of Rails Types of Rails Length of the Rails Railway Track Defects on Rails Coning of the Wheel Rail Joints Types of Rail Joints Welding of Rail Sleepers Classification of Sleepers Sleeper Density Squaring of Sleeper Ballast Soil Subgrade Types of Ballast Survey Work Track Modulus Stresses on the Rail Stresses on Sleeper Stresses in the Ballast Creep of the Rail Theories of Creep Causes of Creep Effects of Creep Measurement of Creep Geometric Design of Track Gradients Speed of the Train Degree of the curve Super Elevation Equilibrium Speed Cant Deficiency Negative Super Elevation Curves Transition C...

Surveying is an art and science in which we can measure the areas, can do leveling, and can use various instruments like theodolite. In Surveying, one of the  topics we will talk about today is Bench Marks. So, we will see various types of Bench Marks with its definition. First of all, what is the Bench Marks? Bench Marks is a fixed point of known elevation above datum. Let’s see its various types, 1. Arbitrary Bench Marks When we do leveling of small area, we use arbitrary bench marks. Its elevation assumed arbitrarily as the name implies. 2. Permanent Bench Marks This type of Bench Marks is established by either Survey of India or Public Work Department. From GTS Bench Marks, we make Permanent Bench Marks which is in between GTS Bench Marks. 3. Temporary Bench Marks As the name says, it is temporary which are established for small time whenever we need. 4. GTS Bench Marks GTS means Great Trigonometrical Survey. This bench marks are established by Survey of India Departm...

Definition The plane table surveying is defined as the graphical method that is used for plotting plan in the field and for the various types of measurement.   Or The graphical construction of angles, straight line and triangle for plotting the details of ground points.   This survey is mainly used for mapping of area which are not big, Either it is small or medium scale. We do not use it in big area because it requires great accuracy. Basic Principle The main principle of Plane table surveying is parallelism. Meaning of Parallelism  :  It is a rays drawn from ground station to the object in our drawing sheet, parallel to line from ground station to object on the ground. In other words: Parallel means two lines are parallel to each other which does not touch even if we extend it to infinity. It means if lines in the ground is same as line in plane table but in  small scale . For example, line AB and line CD are parallel in below Image: It mean...

What is tacheometric surveying ? The definition of tacheometry we can give as follows It is branch of surveying which deal with various measurements like vertical distance and horizontal distance that is measured indirectly from taking only instrumental observation. We conduct Survey is to prepare contour map of site. We can also use it for knowing elevation of highway or railway .

There are two types of the vertical curve, we use in surveying calculation. Valley curve Summit curve Now, let's see Definition of the curve. What is the Summit curve?  The summit curve is one type of the vertical curve. It is provided on the highway or railway when it crossed ridge or valley. Generally, we determine this curve by parabolic equation. Summit Curve need to satisfy the basic Condition. The condition is as follow There must be constant rate of change of grade. Parabola fulfill this and so shape of summit curve is mainly parabolic type. As we see that there is two types of vertical curve, in that the curve that is convexity of upward that is known as the summit curve. There is some type of this curve that is shown in fig. Types of summit curve (source:nptel) For zoom: CLICK on the image A vertical summit curve is provided when the rising grade join the falling grade.