Civil Ganeshwar

In this article, we will see about Hypsometric Levelling, which is useful to understand for Civil Engineers. So, let's see, What is Hypsometric Levelling? Hypsometric Levelling is a type of levelling in Surveying in which we determine height and altitude using the fact that boiling of water depends upon atmospheric pressure applied to water at that time. As the height increases, pressure at that level decreases, and correspondingly water boiling happens also get affected. By measuring pressure and temperature at which water boils, we can estimate what should be difference of heights or elevation between it should have. Formula showing relationship between Temperature, Pressure and Volume: PV = nRT By this formula, and some other formulas, we can understand, if height increases, then Pressure at that height decreases, and also Temperature required for Boiling of Water decreases.  As temperature required for Boiling decreases, more water can evaporates, boiling can happens fast. So, ...

In this article, We will See about Gale's Traverse Table, what is it, its image to download, PDF, Excel file, and some of it's characteristics. Let's see, So, What is the Gale's Traverse Table? The traverse table in which all information is tabulated is called Gale's Traverse Table.  It consists of Length, Whole Circle Bearing, Reduced Bearing, Consecutive Coordinates, Corrected Angles, and Independent Coordinates. When we do traversing , we have many types of information about various stations and line, like its coordinates, its length, and angles.  If we calculate each information individually, it may be troublesome or lengthy process.  To make it simple, and convenient, it is computed as in Tabular form by making it's rows and columns as a field for input of values collected from field; and for it Gale's Traverse Table is used. Image Here's image which you can save by right click on it and choose save. Or in Mobile device, long tap on Image, and tap o...

In this article, We will See some of the Important Formulas of Surveying for quick revision and overview of the Subject. Here's What will We See: Direct Vernier Formula Least Count Formula Retrograde Formula Error Formula Correction Formula Relationship between Error and Correction Formula Correction for Slope Formula Correction for Temperature Formula Correction for Pull Formula Relationship between Fore Bearing and Back Bearing Formula Latitude Formula   Departure Formula Relative Error of Closure Formula Trigonometric Levelling Basic Formula Most Probable Error Formula Tacheometry Stadia Method Formula Direct Vernier Formula where,  s = length of one division on the main scale n = numbers of divisions on the Vernier scale v = length of one division on the Vernier  Least Count Formula where,  s and n are similar as seen above. We can calculate the Least Count of both Direct Vernier and Retrograde Vernier using the above formula. Retrograde Vernier Formula where,...

Surveying is a field in Civil Engineering in which we by help of various Instruments like Theodolite, Tacheometer, perform required measurements, do levelling, centering etc. To know more about it, In this article, we will see 150+ topics and sub-topics of Surveying which can helps Civil Engineers for projects, seminar, and research papers. So, if you wonders about where can I find all topics related to Surveying, you are at right place. Let's see, Plane Table Surveying Geodetic Surveying Topographical Survey Engineering Survey Cadastral Survey Hydrographic Survey Astronomic Survey Geological Survey Chain Surveying Compass Surveying Levelling Theodolite Surveys Tacheometric Surveys Photogrammetric Surveys EDM Surveys Principles of Surveying Direct Vernier Retrograde Vernier Mistakes & Errors Linear Measurements Tapes Surveying Chain Pegs Arrow Cross Staff Optical Square Prism Square Simple Clinometer Direct Ranging Indirect Ranging Random Line Method Error in Chaining Tape Cor...

As Railway Engineering is an essential field, there is need to know its sub-topics for Civil engineers. And for it, we will see 75 Railway Engineering Topics which can be helpful for Research, Seminar, Thesis, Projects etc in Civil Engineering. This includes  the topics about various parts of Railways, its Station, Track, Track Junction, and about Design of Track. Let's see, Requirement of Rails Types of Rails Length of the Rails Railway Track Defects on Rails Coning of the Wheel Rail Joints Types of Rail Joints Welding of Rail Sleepers Classification of Sleepers Sleeper Density Squaring of Sleeper Ballast Soil Subgrade Types of Ballast Survey Work Track Modulus Stresses on the Rail Stresses on Sleeper Stresses in the Ballast Creep of the Rail Theories of Creep Causes of Creep Effects of Creep Measurement of Creep Geometric Design of Track Gradients Speed of the Train Degree of the curve Super Elevation Equilibrium Speed Cant Deficiency Negative Super Elevation Curves Transition C...

Surveying is an art and science in which we can measure the areas, can do leveling, and can use various instruments like theodolite. In Surveying, one of the  topics we will talk about today is Bench Marks. So, we will see various types of Bench Marks with its definition. First of all, what is the Bench Marks? Bench Marks is a fixed point of known elevation above datum. Let’s see its various types, 1. Arbitrary Bench Marks When we do leveling of small area, we use arbitrary bench marks. Its elevation assumed arbitrarily as the name implies. 2. Permanent Bench Marks This type of Bench Marks is established by either Survey of India or Public Work Department. From GTS Bench Marks, we make Permanent Bench Marks which is in between GTS Bench Marks. 3. Temporary Bench Marks As the name says, it is temporary which are established for small time whenever we need. 4. GTS Bench Marks GTS means Great Trigonometrical Survey. This bench marks are established by Survey of India Departm...

Definition The plane table surveying is defined as the graphical method that is used for plotting plan in the field and for the various types of measurement.   Or The graphical construction of angles, straight line and triangle for plotting the details of ground points.   This survey is mainly used for mapping of area which are not big, Either it is small or medium scale. We do not use it in big area because it requires great accuracy. Basic Principle The main principle of Plane table surveying is parallelism. Meaning of Parallelism  :  It is a rays drawn from ground station to the object in our drawing sheet, parallel to line from ground station to object on the ground. In other words: Parallel means two lines are parallel to each other which does not touch even if we extend it to infinity. It means if lines in the ground is same as line in plane table but in  small scale . For example, line AB and line CD are parallel in below Image: It mean...